The Consumer Guarantees Free Essays

The Consumer Guarantees Act is a cornerstone piece of legislation. Its role is to protect consumers. Under the Act, your consumer rights are expressed as a series of â€Å"guarantees† that a seller automatically makes to you when you buy any goods or services ordinarily purchased for personal use. We will write a custom essay sample on The Consumer Guarantees or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this guide, we explain what those rights are, and what to do if you think your rights have been breached. The Consumer Guarantees Act 1993 A Summary Introduction: The Act came into force on 1 April 1994 and does not apply to any contract for the supply of goods or services made before this date (Section 56). It is a significant piece of legislation and is aimed at imposing guarantees in contracts for the supply of goods and the performance of services for the consumers benefit. It provides a right of redress against suppliers and manufacturers in respect of any failure of the goods or services to comply with the guarantees. Definitions: Certain terms are defined in the Act itself (Section 2). These definitions are important in determining in what circumstances the Act will or will not apply. The Act defines â€Å"Goods†, â€Å"Service†, â€Å"Supplier†, â€Å"Manufacturer†, â€Å"trade†, and other terms. The key definition in the Act is â€Å"Consumer†. This is defined to mean a person who:- (a) Acquires from a supplier goods or services of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic, or household use or consumption; and (b) Does not acquire the goods or services, or hold himself or herself out as acquiring the goods or services, for the purpose of: (i) Re-supplying them in trade; or  (ii) Consuming them in the course of a process of production or manufacture; or (iii) In the case of goods, repairing or treating in trade other goods or fixtures on land.† The definition of â€Å"Consumer† is unusual and difficult. The focus is the ordinary use for which goods or services are acquired rather than the use intended by the acquiring purchaser. By way of example a contract for the supply of crockery to a company that owns a restaurant will be a contract of supply of goods subject to the Act because although intended for commercial use, crockery is ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use and consumption. As far as the services supplied by travel agents are concerned it would be best to proceed on the basis that virtually all of the services will be viewed as a kind ordinarily acquired for personal or domestic use or consumption with the consequence that the Act will apply to those services. Guarantees: The Act establishes one set of guarantees which apply in relation to the supply of goods and a different set of guarantees which apply in relation to the supply of services. This summary deals only with the guarantees which the Act imposes in relation to the supply of services. TAANZ also has a summary of the guarantees which are imposed by the Act in relation to the supply of goods and if a member has a problem involving the guarantees applicable to supply of goods the member can obtain a copy of that summary by contacting the TAANZ office. Guarantees in Respect of the Supply of Services Where services are supplied to a consumer there are four guarantees provided by Part IV of the Act. These are:- (i) Guarantee as to Reasonable Care and Skill (Section 28). A guarantee that services will be carried out with reasonable skill and care. This guarantee restates in statutory form the existing common law obligations on Travel Agents to exercise the skill and care of a reasonable competent professional travel agent in performing their services. The guarantee does not extend the existing legal obligations of a travel agent to act with reasonable skill and care in the performance of their function on behalf of their customers. Travel Agents had these obligations before the Act was passed. (ii) Guarantee as to Fitness for Particular Purpose (Section 29) A guarantee that the service, and any product resulting from the service, will be reasonably fit for any particular purpose, and of such a nature and quality that it can reasonably be expected to achieve any particular result that the consumer made known to the supplier. This, the second guarantee, is significant and establishes a new liability on travel agents in relation to the performance of services for customers. The Section (Section 29) requires the consumer to have made known his or her purpose to the travel agent at or before the time of making the contract for supply of services for the customer. The difficulty with this particular guarantee is that it is possible that travel agents may be liable for the actions or defaults of other suppliers of product where the other suppliers fail to perform at the levels expected of them. By way of example, if a customer makes known particular needs in terms of a holiday, for example, a resort which contains a golf course and tennis courts, and the travel agent recommends a particular resort as being able to provide those services and facilities, if the resort (for whatever reason) fails to provide those facilities then the travel agent may be liable. Accordingly, this particular guarantee has the capacity to extend the liability of the travel agent to include failures on the part of the suppliers of the actual facilities of travel accommodation. This particular guarantee is modified in part by Section 33 of the Act which states that there shall be no right of redress against a supplier under the Act in respect of a service or any product resulting from a service which fails to comply with that guarantee only as to fitness for particular purpose if it fails to comply with that guarantee only because of any act, or default, or omission of, or any representation made by any person other than the supplier or an agent or servant of the supplier. TAANZ members should nevertheless take special care when they are dealing with a customer who has specified a particular purpose or that the arrangements which are made for him are to have a particular nature or quality or to achieve a particular result. In such cases the travel agent should be aware that if the customer complains that the programme or plan prepared by the travel agent did not satisfy the particular purpose or provide the facilities of the nature and quality specified by the customer then there is considerable potential for the customer to take action against the travel agent pursuant to this particular guarantee. This guarantee will not apply where the circumstances show that the consumer does not rely on the suppliers’ skill or judgment, or, it is unreasonable for the consumer to rely on the suppliers’ skill or judgment. TAANZ members should also ensure that their professional indemnity policy will cover them for breaches of this guarantee in circumstances when they have not been negligent. A more detailed analysis of this section is contained in the case studies which appear at the end of this summary. (iii) Guarantee as to Time of Completion (Section 30) A guarantee that the service will be completed within a reasonable time in any case where the time is not fixed by the contract nor a method for calculating the time provided in the contract. This guarantee is not likely at a practical level to create problems for travel agents. Travel agents do not have problems completing their tasks with a reasonable time frame. Modern technology enables travel agents to carry out reservation and booking work virtually instantaneously and the consumer is frequently advised at the time of enquiry as to whether seats or accommodation are available at the relevant time. (iii) Guarantee as to Price (Section 31) A guarantee that the consumer is not liable to pay to the supplier more than a reasonable price for the service in any case where the price is not fixed in the contract nor a method for calculating the price provided in the contract. When there is failure to comply with this guarantee the consumers right of redress is to refuse to pay more than a reasonable price. Here again the nature of the services provided by travel agents and the basis on which they are remunerated mean that from a practical point of view this guarantee is not likely to be one which affects travel agents in any significant way. Rights of Redress Against Suppliers In Respect of Supply of Services Where the supplier of a service fails to comply with the guarantees a consumer may exercise certain remedies depending on whether the failure can be remedied or not (Section 32). Where a failure can be remedied the consumer may require the supplier to remedy it within a reasonable time. If the supplier neglects or refuses to do so within a reasonable time a consumer may have the failure remedied elsewhere at the suppliers’ cost, or, cancel the contract for the supply of service in accordance with the requirements of the Act. Where a failure cannot be remedied or is of a substantial character the consumer may cancel the contract in accordance with the requirements of the Act or obtain damages in compensation of any reduction in value of the product of a service below the charge paid or payable by the consumer. â€Å"substantial character† is defined in the Act (Section 36). In either situation (can be remedied; cannot be remedied) the consumer can claim damages for any loss reasonably foreseeable as liable to result from the failure. The exception is that no right of redress is available against a supplier in respect of a service or any product resulting from a service which fails to comply with the guarantee as to fitness for a particular purpose (Section 29) or the guarantee as to time for completion (Section 30) if the cause is independent of human control or caused by an act or default or representation made by any person other than the supplier or servant or agent of the supplier (Section 33). Right to Cancellation: Once the right of cancellation has arisen Section 37 of the Act sets out the rules applying to cancellation. Cancellation does not take effect until made known to the supplier, or where it is not reasonably practicable to communicate with the supplier, by means which are reasonable in the circumstances. Cancellation may be made known by words or conduct (Section 37). However, where there is a provision in the contract of supply requiring notice of cancellation in writing this provision will apply (Section 37(3)). Where a consumer cancels a contract for the supply of services the consumer is entitled to a refund of money or other consideration paid less any amount the Court or a Disputes Tribunal orders that the supplier may retain (Section 38). Contracting Out: Section 43 deals expressly with contracting out of the Act. The Act is to have effect notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in any agreement (Section 43). To purport to contract out of the Act is deemed to be an offence under the Fair Trading Act 1986 (a false representation) and fines of up to $200,000 for corporations and $60,000 for individuals may be imposed. The principal exception to the prohibition against contracting out is where the supply of goods or services is to a consumer who acquires the goods or services for business purposes. Where this criteria is satisfied an agreement to contract out of the provisions of the Act must be in writing and record that the supply is for â€Å"business purposes’ How to cite The Consumer Guarantees, Essay examples

Dont blame democracy Essay Example For Students

Dont blame democracy Essay Productivity in most sectors has improved dramatically in the past 200 years, but not in jobs such as the arts, teaching, law and health care, which require a high level of personal input. For those working in such jobs to have anything like a contemporary standard of living, the relative cost of their services must be much higher than it was in the past. As price goes up, supply shrinks. Essential but low-profit industries migrate to the public sector, and government is blamed for spending more than it takes in. It is said that the problem of our age is that government spending is out of control. Capitalism is doing fine, but government has gone to hell. It cannot control itself or its appetites. Its wants are unlimited and threaten the stability of the society. We must change the government and change the Constitution, even change the ways of democracy. Indeed, it is argued that representative democracy doesnt work. Nonsense. Democracy works as well as it ever did. But government is suffering from Baumols disease. Its not a fatal malady, but it wont go away. And it can be managed if only it is understood. Baumols disease is the construct named for William J. Baumol of New York University. (He calls it the cost disease of the personal services, but his fellow academics call it after him.) It is first set forth in his work Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma, written with William G. Bowen in 1966. Suppose, Baumol says, a particular service is deemed indispensable, such that we feel that supply must be maintained. Simple. The relative cost of that service will rise. And rise. Start at the beginning. How many man/woman hours are required to produce one weekend of baby-sitting for a two-year-old grandson? Answer, making allowance for light sleep and naps, approximately 80 hours per unit of production. (Details on request.) It was the same a century ago and will be the same a century hence. Same story in kindergarten, high school, college classes. Same size as a century ago. The performing arts are notorious. The Globe Theatre got back the production cost of a play in one week, which is why Shakespeare saw 37 of his plays produced. It would take a year today. A recent issue of the New Yorker noted that when the magazine first hit the stands in 1923, there were 228 shows on Broadway. This was a drop from 1,500 in 1910. Today there are 19. A play still takes three hours to produce and so the relative price of actors also keeps going up, and supply shrinks. One of Baumols discoveries is the persistence in the patterns of differences in productivity growth between economic sectors. In his Philosophical Society paper he writes: This cost disease phenomenon occurs when the services are plagued by the cumulative and persistent rises in their costs, increases that normally exceed to a significant degree the corresponding rate of increase for commodities generally, i.e. almost always outstrip the economys rate of inflation. The services in question, which I call The Stagnant Services, include, most notably, health care, education, legal services, welfare programs for the poor, postal service, police protection, sanitation services, repair services, the performing arts, restaurant services. The common element that characterizes them all is the handicraft attribute of their supply process. Notice anything? Education, welfare, police, sanitation. All these are public sector activities, or mostly so. Is this immutably the case? Not that long ago, all of the above were in the private sector. Let me offer a subtext to Baumol. Activities with cost disease migrate to the public sector. Hence our quarter-century turmoil over the cost of government and, now, the size of the deficit. .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 , .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 .postImageUrl , .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 , .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802:hover , .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802:visited , .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802:active { border:0!important; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802:active , .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802 .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua52e21da61cef3c0db4caa97ccbb3802:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Invasion of a cornfield EssayThe great migration in our case took place during the John-son-Nixon years, roughly 1964 to 1972. Look back at Baumols list. Almost every item can be matched up with a Great Society or New Federal-ism initiative. Medicare, Head Start, Legal Services, Child Nutrition, Safe Streets, Clean Water, the National Endowment for the Arts. From modest beginnings great expenditures grew, and conservatives got alarmed. In the early Reagan years, a budget crisis was deliberately allowed to develop in the expectation that these costs would be cut back. In David Stockmans account, once a $100-billion deficit appeared we would have thecraven politicians pinned to the wall. They would have to dismantlebloated, wasteful and unjust spending enterprisesor risk national ruin. He had made fiscal necessity the mother of all political invention. Well, not quite. The cuts never came, and in place of tax-and-spend we got borrow-and-spend. The problem was not craven politicians but cost disease. In no time we were a debtor nationthe price of not keeping up with the literature. It is now the liberals turn to face this reality. Or else fail as conservatives failed. The basic liberal argumentcomplaint would be the better termis that we dont spend enough. But cost disease decrees that on matters of special concern to liberals, you can never spend enough. In Baumols words, these activities are condemned to a pattern of spiraling increases in their real prices that appears to put them beyond the reach of both the individual and the state. This is, however, only appearance. As productivity brings the cost of commodities down, more can be spent on services without any decline in consumption of goods. Health care reform will be the test. Baumols message is profoundly hopeful: As long as productivity is growing in the economy as a whole, it makes no matter that it is laggard in some sectors. The great educational task, as he writes, is getting the public to recognize the difference between the reality and the illusion in the behavior of costs. Daniel Patrick Moynihan is the Democratic senator from New York. This essay first appeared in the Washington Post.

What Creates True Happiness an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

What Creates True Happiness? The meaning of happiness is similar to all, that is happiness is a feeling of pleasure and gratification. The disparity of the concept of happiness among individuals lies in the question of what makes them happy and what meaning of happiness is true to them. Although some people might contest, especially those individuals who are moralistically disposed, happiness is at par with inner goodness (Russel 924). Need essay sample on "What Creates True Happiness?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The ends of both ideologies match in that they both generate kindness and goodness in deed, however, the difference lies in the intention and the natural inclination to do it. Happiness is not grounded on the need to be righteous, but is rooted on an unconstrained desire to do what is morally good. People Usually Tell EssayLab professionals: I'm don't want to write my paper. Because I want to spend time with my friends Essay writer professionals propose: Order Papers On Essaylab.Com If we live by morals and values, such that we speak of principles and morality, or even righteousness, and our actions are based on these guiding ideologies, we deprive ourselves of the true meaning of happiness. Happiness is something that comes from within and is demonstrated through impulsive desires to do what is morally upright. People who come across these ideas might not be able to distinguish the difference from the two exactly opposite thoughts, and to point out matters clearly, the moral view of upholding principles and moral ideologies become questionable because of their tendencies "to stress the act rather than the state of mind" (Russel 924). Happiness brought about by the recognition of successes and acts of goodness is not leaning towards the true meaning of happiness. An individuals state of mind is all too important in determining the essence of true happiness. Happiness should not be planned, uptight, and neither imposed on the self. Happiness is a spontaneous reaction that springs up and sends out impulses to do just the right things, say the right words, think of the right feelings and emotions without the element of counting how many good things you did, kind words you said, or good thoughts in your mind. Let me pitch in a simple example about the difference between the moralistic view and the hedonistic view, as coined by Russel. Say, for example just the simple act of going to church creates a defining line between the two principles of happiness. If a man goes to church, simply because he is drawn to attending the Sunday mass, maybe to thank the Divine Being for the blessings he received or maybe to help out in causes that the particular church supports, his behavior becomes a basis for what true happiness is. On the other hand, if a man goes to church because he thinks it is his moral obligation to do so, and his happiness to go to church is rooted from his moral obligation, then his notion of happiness is flawed, not too mention, it is not happiness at all. True happiness is measured by the goodness of the heart that is reflected by what you do, and not by the goodness of what you do alone. In addition, true happiness is not the kind of happiness that one desires for himself to be. True happiness is not bounded on just the self, but the self as just a small piece of the large puzzle. True happiness is such that "a man comes to feel himself part of the stream of life" (Russel 925). The true essence of happiness is sharing it with others and giving it back to the world. I personally believe that nobody deserves happiness, and that if a man becomes truly happy, that happiness is a rare blessing that only a few people may experience. Therefore, if a man becomes happy, I believe he should give it back to whoever he owes it to, such the idea that blessings should be shared to other people. Under this context of happiness, the expression of love ("Creating Happiness in One Step") and compassion for other people, for nature, and for the Divine Being is a simple way of creating a ripple of happiness within and sharing it to others. Happiness in this manner is the same as the first principle of doing good because it just seems so right to do so. This idea connects to the inspiration of an unselfish happiness, and unselfish happiness abounds where happiness goes beyond the idea of the self. Taking it from the moralistic view, the principles of morality is guided by the idea of how things are supposed to be in this world. The only issue regarding this matter is that, at one point in our lives, we realize that all the things that should happen do not actually happen. The point here is that, when a man feels happy and wants other people to feel happy too because that is how life should be, he should remember that he can contribute as much in order to make other people happy. As I always experience, there is always joy in making others happy too. Furthermore, happiness does not spring up with just the flicker of a hand. It takes a lot of work to be happy when we talk about all the negativities in life. I guess, the idea here, which is opposite to the moralistic views self-denial, is that individuals should be able to accept the imperfections of life. Aside from the good life that Russel said, having a happy life is somewhat connected to contentment (Cutler 932). Soaring above all the failures and mistakes is one recipe for happiness (Van Warmerdam). If a man is contented, he lives his life like a log floating in a river. A man who is happy is ready to go where life takes him. It is in the acknowledgement of an individuals role in this world that allows him to believe he is here to experience all that life is going to bring him, no matter what; and no matter what, he is happy, because he believes in it. Agreeably so, a man who is not afraid to face his end, is happy. Works Cited "Creating Happiness in One Step." Life by Intent LLC. 14 Apr. 2008 http://www.pathwaytohappiness.com/create_happiness.htm Cutler, Howard C. "Inner Contentment." date the article was published. pp. 932. place it was published: publisher. Russel, Bertrand. "The Happy Life." date the article was published. pp. 924-925. place it was published: publisher. Van Warmerdam, Gary. "Focus on the Negative." 12 Apr. 2008. WordPress. 14 Apr. 2008 http://www.pathwaytohappiness.com/happiness/

Three different types of imagery Essay Example

Three different types of imagery Essay Example Three different types of imagery Paper Three different types of imagery Paper There are three different types of imagery each different type is used to make a part of text seem particularly realistic as if the person can actually see what is happening. The three types of imagery are: Similes are when the text says something is like another as a comparison e. g. cold as ice. Metaphors are when the text says something is something else e. g. the wind was a slap in the face. The third type if imagery is personification this is where an object is given human properties e. g. the wind whipped through the sky. Shakespeare employed imagery so often for various reasons. The scenery for his plays were very basic so he needed to build up a mental image using words. Also Shakespeares plays were performed in hot mid summer days so the images had to take the audience to a different location such as a castle at night. Shakespeare implemented imagery for other reasons such as adding to the theme of the play or making a certain characters speech more dramatic. Imagery contributes heavily to the main theme of the play which is love the first cluster of images I have picked out is from act 1 scene 5 where Romeo sees Juliet for the first time. In this scene Romeo compares Juliet to so many beautiful things he uses metaphors such as as a rich jewel in an ethiops ear. And so shows a snowy dove trooping with crows The first line of the speech is personified as it is impossible to teach a torch O she doth teach the torches to burn bright Theses quotes tie in with the theme of the play- love as they are all examples of Romeos infatuation with Juliet and how she looks. He describes her as, as pretty as jewels and doves, both figures of unequaled beauty. Also he says about how she has this quality that lights up the room and outshines even the torches in the room. This shows how highly Romeo regards Juliet by all the over exaggeration in his speech. Another example of a cluster where vast amounts of imagery is used is on page 45 where Juliet pines about the fact that Romeo is a Montague. She tells us how she loathes the name Montague with such passion but at the same time loves Romeo with the same force and her feelings are confusing her. This shows that hatred and love (the theme of the play) are very closely related and shows that one emotion can stem from another my only love sprung from my only hate. She also questions why it is that Romeo was hidden from her until the impression that all Montagues are vile was embedded into her train of thought so that it would be impossible to fall in love with one. Too early soon unknown, and known too late. The next line shows what an impact this feeling of love has had on Juliet Prodigious birth of love it is to me. This shows the epic proportions to which her love for Romeo has exploded. Imagery can also have a dramatic effect on a play it gives the audience an insight into how the characters think and feel such as when Romeo expresses in Act 1 Scene 5 how he truly feels about Juliet he calls her Beauty too rich for use. This could be perceived as Romeo describing Juliet as a diamond that is too valuable to be used in a piece of jewelry. Another use of dramatic imagery in Shakespeares plays is to create tension and atmosphere an example of this is where Tybalt is enraged at the appearance of Romeo and the other Montagues at the Capulet party this sparks an immediate feeling of hatred and tension is also built on what Tybalt will do to Romeo Tis he, that villain Romeo. He speaks sharply to keep pace in the speech. The third dramatic effect of imagery is that it reveals social values and strong religious beliefs held by many people in Elizabethan period. One example of this is the manner in which Juliet and Romeo play on the idea of saints and sin in act 1 scene 5 this shows that both people take their religion very seriously, so much so that is frequently used in their everyday speech. Sin from my lips? I believe that imagery plays a very important part in all of Shakespeares plays as it builds on the core aspects of both the play and its themes, they can also be used as improvisation on various occasions so as the audience gets a better feel of the events of the play.

Network Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Network Security - Essay Example But with this ease of information access comes the issue of security. With the increase of information flow, there has been an increase in the number of attacks on information by hackers. Attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks, Spoofs, Sniffing, etc. have increased with the increase in the availability of hacking tools which are free of cost. Valuable information is lost in the process. For example, if a customer buys a product of a particular organization through their web-site and a hacker presents himself as the organization and receives the money from the customer, valuable information such as the ID of the customer, his credit card numbers, his passwords are all stolen by the hacker. Therefore such information has to be transferred securely over the Internet. Encryption is the most common way of securing valuable information while transmitting over the Internet (Rahman, 2003). Networks are secured in a different manner. They are secured using tools called "Firewalls". W henever transactions or information between a customer and an organization are being carried out, a particular pattern is followed. Firewalls recognize and allow only these transactions or processes to be carried out and block out all the unrecognized patterns. By implementing Firewalls, most of the attacks from the hackers can be kept out. Securing a network just does not happen. There are many issues to be considered when making policies for network security. The three main issues back in the earlier days were Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. Due to the advances in the technologies, these issues have been mostly resolved. But in the present day Networks, other issues have appeared. These issues will eventually result in the breaching of confidentiality, integrity and availability thereby defeating the cause of coming up with Network Security policies. We can ask the following questions to resolve the recent issues related to Network Security: Should Identity Manager be put back to the User Identity Control from the top down approach has traditionally been imposed by all Enterprises and Governments. But this has resulted in resilience from the users. Users have always found it difficult to cope up with the time constraints resulting from the above mentioned approach. This approach looks increasingly antiquated for the present day user needs. Microsoft's Kim Cameron once noted that: "A system that does not put users in control will - immediately or over time - be rejected" (Dean, 2006). This is true because users expect real fast response and do not like to waste their time in waiting for a response from the requested network or system. Identity Control being at the Server side is the key to ensuring trusted relationship for billions of business transactions all over the world. Identity Control being at the server side makes it possible for the replying Network to ensure that the keys constructed are secure. Since the control will be present with the server, no user will have chance of even attempting to break the key and steal the information being transferred. At the macro level, the advantages that accrue in the form of innumerable applications and services,

Examine the shifting values of civil liberties in the new millennium Research Paper

Examine the shifting values of civil liberties in the new millennium that has seen greater public tolerance of government surveillance and record-keeping - Research Paper Example There have been several events that have triggered the re-evaluation of the way civil privacy protection is balanced with police surveillance. During the period that has passed after the terrorist attack of 9/11, there have been diverse changes being implemented in the technological advances; federal law and the interpretation of privacy safeguards by the courts have created an expansion in the ways through which the police may facilitate surveillance of different civil activities or in the ways through which they can frisk citizens in public places for any particular reason. The rationale of this article is to scrutinize the different factors that may promote the escalation of police surveillance with regards to the type of effects that police surveillance has on civil life and privacy rights while also drawing conclusions on newspaper reports on the situations whereby issues have been raised in regards to stop-and-frisk policy. (http://www.surveillance-and-society.org/articles4 (3) /escalating.pdf‎) The way people view privacy and surveillance have been dramatically altered over the years and the change has been more evident in the balance between individual privacy rights and police surveillance authority. A significant section of the American public attributes the change to the 9/11 event to have catalyzed the search authority that has been related to the police surveillance. Surveillance has been modified and made quite inclusive of elements that were not previously connected to threat warnings, and with the advances made in the technology platform, a thin line has to be drawn as to what is acceptable by law and what should be considered as interference with the rights of an individual. Any form of threat to the safety of the American public has been defined in the constitution with the recommendations on the specific ways through which these issues of threat to national security have to be handled

Reliance Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reliance Industries - Essay Example Poza notes that as per the regulations outlined in Hindu succession laws, the eldest son of the household is entitled to become the successor after the death of the family’s head (341). Consequently, this notion is also reflected in Hindu traditions and customs which favor the first-born of the family. Mukesh’s arrival in the business, in many ways, echoed this custom as he embarked upon his responsibilities in a fashion that was similar to that of his father (Grant and Nicholson 44). Assessing the relationship that the sons shared with their parents it is understood that Dhirubhai was particularly fond of Mukesh and therefore, chose to discuss the affairs of the business with him before seeking Anil’s point of view (Poza 348) which could have irked Mukesh’s sibling. Another important role that the parents played for the sake of Reliance Industries’ and for their family was that of mediators. Whenever conflicts between the brothers arose, it was Dhi rubhai who took to a stand to resolve the issues by warning his sons and taking an action in order to ensure that family disputes did not act as hurdles in the achievement of business objectives (Poza 349). By March 2005, tensions between the brothers over the control and management of Reliance Industries had escalated which caused media scrutiny on the matter to rise. Thus, it was Kokilaben who realized that the gravity of the situation begged for her intervention. Grant and Nicholson state that despite of her unwillingness to do so, Kokilaben initiated a process of arbitration that ultimately resulted in the distribution of the company’s assets (49). Therefore, this component of the analysis certainly indicates the instrumental role of Dhirubhai and Kokilaben in Reliance Industries which could have not succeeded without their participation in its affairs. The succession of Reliance Industries to the next generation cannot be termed as a monumental success. In order to asses s this statement, the paper explores the ramifications of the succession from the point of view of the Ambani family and from a business perspective. Dhirubhai was always a firm believer in the concept of unity and trusted this notion as an â€Å"article of faith†, this observation first surfaced when he refused to divide Reliance upon the suggestion of his brothers (Grant and Nicholson 43). Similarly, Dhirubhai’s disapproval of family disputes and rifts especially between his sons is clearly observable from the fact that he would personally intervene to resolve any conflicts between Mukesh and Anil (Poza 348). Therefore, it can be stated Dhirubhai Ambani never wanted Reliance Industries to be partitioned. Grant and Nicholson claim that Kokilaben’s reluctance in dividing Reliance Industries was unequivocally clear when she intervened to resolve the issue in 2005 with the assistance of K V Kamath and Nimesh Kampani (49). The authors note that the continuation of Reliance Industries as a single entity was to be a representation of Dhirubhai’s legacy which could not survive due to the dispute between Mukesh and Anil (Grant and Nicholson 49). Henceforth, the succession of the great Indian company cannot be termed as successful from the perspective of the Ambani fam